Monero
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
This article is about the cryptocurrency. For other uses, see Monero (disambiguation).
Monero
Monero-Logo.svg
Denominations
Ticker symbol XMR
Precision 10−12
Subunits
1⁄1012 piconero
Development
Original author(s) Nicolas van Saberhagen
White paper "CryptoNote v 2.0"
Initial release 18 April 2014 (6 years ago)
Latest release 0.17.1.7 / 15 December 2020 (43 days ago)
Code repository github.com/monero-project
Development status Active
Written in C++
Operating system Android, Windows, Linux, macOS, FreeBSD, Solaris
Source model Open source
License MIT License
Website getmonero.org
Ledger
Timestamping scheme Proof of work
Hash function RandomX
Block reward 1.26 XMR
Block time 2 minutes
Block explorer xmrchain.net
Circulating supply 17,788,189
Monero (/məˈnɛroʊ/; XMR) is a privacy-focused cryptocurrency released in 2014. It is an open-source protocol based on CryptoNote. It uses an obfuscated public ledger, meaning anyone can send or broadcast transactions, but no outside observer can tell the source, amount, or destination. A proof of work mechanism is used to issue new coins and incentivize miners to secure the network and validate transactions.
Monero uses different privacy-enhancing technologies to achieve anonymity and fungibility. It has attracted users desiring privacy measures that are not provided in more popular cryptocurrencies. However, it has also gained publicity for illicit use in darknet markets.
Contents
1 History
2 Privacy features
2.1 Ring signatures
2.2 Stealth addresses
2.3 Bulletproofs
2.4 Dandelion++
3 Mining
4 Transaction linkability
5 Regulatory responses
6 References
7 External links
History
In 2014, Bitcointalk forum user thankful_for_today forked the codebase of Bytecoin into the name BitMonero, which is a compound of bit (as in Bitcoin) and monero (literally meaning "coin" in Esperanto). The release of BitMonero was poorly received by the community that initially backed it. Plans to fix and improve Bytecoin with changes to block time, tail emission, and block reward had been ignored, and thankful_for_today simply disappeared from the development scene. A group of users led by Johnny Mnemonic decided that the community should take over the project, and five days later they did while also changing the name to Monero.
Due to its privacy features, Monero experienced rapid growth in market capitalization and transaction volume during 2016, much more than any other cryptocurrency that year. This growth was driven by its uptake in the darknet market, where people used it to buy stolen credit cards, guns, and drugs. Two major darknet markets were shut down in July 2017 by law enforcement. From the beginning, Monero has been used by people holding other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin to break the link between transactions, with the other cryptocoins first converted to Monero, then after some delay converted back and sent to an address unrelated to those used before.
On 10 January 2017, the privacy of Monero transactions was further strengthened by the adoption of Bitcoin Core developer Gregory Maxwell's algorithm Confidential Transactions, hiding the amounts being transacted, in combination with an improved version of Ring Signatures.
After many online payment platforms shut down access for white nationalists following the Unite the Right rally in 2017, some of them, including Christopher Cantwell and Andrew Auernheimer ("weev"), started using and promoting Monero.
The operators behind the May 2017 global ransomware incident WannaCry converted their proceeds into Monero. In June 2017, The Shadow Brokers, the group that leaked the code used in WannaCry, started accepting payments in Monero.
Malicious hackers have previously embedded Monero mining code into websites and apps seeking profit for themselves. In late 2017, malware and antivirus service providers blocked a JavaScript implementation of Monero miner Coinhive that was embedded in websites and apps, in some cases by hackers. Coinhive generated the script as an alternative to advertisements; a website or app could embed it, and use website visitor's CPU to mine the cryptocurrency while the visitor is consuming the content of the webpage, with the site or app owner getting a percentage of the mined coins. Some websites and apps did this without informing visitors, and some hackers implemented it in way that drained visitors' CPUs. As a result, the script was blocked by companies offering ad blocking subscription lists, antivirus services, and antimalware services.
In January 2018, Bloomberg suggested the hackers who stole approximately 500 million NEM tokens ($530 million) from Coincheck would find it challenging to launder them by selling them for Monero since at least one exchange, ShapeShift, had blocked NEM addresses associated with the theft.
In the first half of 2018, Monero was used in 44% of cryptocurrency ransomware attacks.
In November 2018, Bail Bloc released a mobile app that mines Monero to raise funds for low-income defendants who cannot otherwise cover their own bail.
Privacy features
Monero GUI 0.12.3.0 on Windows 10
Monero enforces privacy by default. It uses different technologies that complement each other to achieve anonymity and fungibility. It aims to meet two criteria: untraceability (having multiple possible senders for a transaction) and unlinkability (being unable to prove that multiple transactions were sent to the same person). Untraceability protects the sender with ring signatures, while unlinkability protects the receiver with stealth addresses.
Ring signatures
Monero is based on the CryptoNote protocol, which deploys one-time ring signatures as the core cryptographic primitive to provide anonymity. Ring Confidential Transactions (RingCTs), a variant of linkable ring signatures, were implemented on 10 January 2017. RingCTs have two components. The first is Multilayered Linkable Spontaneous Anonymous Group (MLSAG) ring signatures, which obfuscate the sender of a transaction. The second is Confidential Transactions (CTs), which use the Pedersen commitment to hide transaction amounts.
Stealth addresses
Monero generates one-time stealth addresses to hide the address of the recipient using the Dual-Key Stealth Address Protocol (DKSAP). It is generated by the sender on behalf of the recipient using two pieces of information. The first is a shared secret produced by the elliptic-curve Diffie–Hellman (ECDH) key agreement. The second is the public key of the recipient who actively scans the blockchain, detects if a transaction is intended for their address, and recovers the private key for this one-time public key to access the funds.
Bulletproofs
In October 2018, Monero implemented bulletproofs, a non-interactive zero-knowledge proof (NIZKP) protocol. It replaced the Borromean ring signatures used in RingCT's range proofs. Bulletproofs substantially reduced the size of transactions, resulting in faster verification times and lower fees.
Dandelion++
Monero uses an unusual method of transaction broadcast propagation to obscure the IP address of the device broadcasting the transaction. The signed transaction is initially passed to only one node and a probablistic method is used to determine when a new signed transaction should be broadcast to all nodes as normal.
Mining
Monero is designed to be resistant to application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) mining, which is commonly used to mine other cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. It can be mined somewhat efficiently on consumer grade hardware such as x86, x86-64, ARM and GPUs, and as a result it is popular among malware-based miners.
Monero introduced the RandomX proof of work algorithm in November 2019 to further increase resistance to ASIC mining.
Transaction linkability
In April 2017, researchers highlighted three major threats to Monero users' privacy. The first relies on leveraging the ring signature size of zero, and ability to see the output amounts. The second, "Leveraging Output Merging", involves tracking transactions where two outputs belong to the same user, such as when they send funds to themselves ("churning"). Finally, "Temporal Analysis", shows that predicting the right output in a ring signature could potentially be easier than previously thought. The Monero development team responded that they had already addressed the first concern with the introduction of RingCTs in January 2017, as well as mandating a minimum size of ring signatures in March 2016.
In 2018, researchers presented possible vulnerabilities in a paper titled "An Empirical Analysis of Traceability in the Monero Blockchain". The Monero team responded in March 2018.
Regulatory responses
Monero and other privacy-oriented currencies have concerned regulators targeting illicit activities and money laundering. Exchanges in South Korea and Australia have delisted Monero and other privacy coins due to regulatory pressure. In September 2020, the IRS Criminal Investigation (IRS-CI) division offered up to $625,000 to contractors who can trace transactions or provide statistical probabilities that connect transaction data to specific users in Monero or Bitcoin's Lightning Network. On 30 September, the IRS awarded one-year contracts to data analysis firms Integra FEC and Chainalysis.
flash bitcoin bitcoin обналичить bitcoin reindex
bitcoin sweeper
monero сложность bitcoin зарегистрировать nicehash monero bitcoin 123 asus bitcoin bitcoin сегодня торговать bitcoin bitcoin simple bitcoin покер продаю bitcoin ethereum rub bitcoin приложение Multisignature addresses offer the potential for more convenient and secure bitcoin storage options. Rather than requiring a single signature, multisignature addresses transactions accept one, two, or three signatures.бизнес bitcoin ethereum addresses logo ethereum фермы bitcoin siiz bitcoin bitcoin kurs 5 bitcoin
ubuntu ethereum bitcoin бесплатные bitcoin algorithm bitcoin fpga fun bitcoin The first open source bitcoin client was released on 9 January 2009, hosted at SourceForge.While cryptocurrencies are used in Russia for various payments and services, the Russian authorities have continued to propose new legislation that would crack down on crypto development around the country. In November 2019, the central bank said it would support a ban on crypto payments. New regulatory draft bills rolled out in early 2020, which would prohibit the issuance and operations of digital currencies in the country, including distributing crypto news.Crypto-anarchists argue that without encryption abilities, messages, personal information, and private life would be seriously damaged. They argue that a ban on cryptography is equal to the eradication of secrecy of correspondence. They argue that only a draconian police-state would criminalize cryptography. It is already illegal to use it in some countries, and export laws are restrictive in others. Citizens in the United Kingdom must, upon request, give keys for decryption of personal systems to authorities. Failing to do this can result in imprisonment for up to two years, without evidence of other criminal activity.bitcoin dogecoin суть bitcoin Institutionsbitcoinwisdom ethereum bitcoin dance bitcoin heist
gemini bitcoin bitcoin обменники bitcoin swiss
get bitcoin daemon monero яндекс bitcoin майнер monero bitcoin счет addnode bitcoin bitcoin coin difficulty ethereum
bitcoin habr monero calc ethereum контракт конец bitcoin реклама bitcoin carding bitcoin
wallet tether bitcoin com india bitcoin bitcoin скрипт bitcoin фото roulette bitcoin bitcoin media secp256k1 bitcoin bloomberg bitcoin бесплатно ethereum bitcoin virus ethereum dark кран bitcoin получение bitcoin
bitcoin alliance
форумы bitcoin monero pools bitcoin jp group bitcoin bitcoin ru bitcoin calculator
ethereum bitcointalk bitcoin betting капитализация ethereum etf bitcoin bitcoin пополнить алгоритм bitcoin bitcoin шрифт bitfenix bitcoin bitcointalk monero bitcoin blockchain обновление ethereum bitcoin пример bitcoin account cryptonator ethereum
bitcoin торговля bitcoin проблемы sberbank bitcoin bitcoin bux ethereum валюта ethereum динамика carding bitcoin ethereum прибыльность neo cryptocurrency стоимость bitcoin bitcoin usa bitcoin mining bitcoin 100 monero кошелек
tether пополнение генераторы bitcoin ethereum проекты bitcoin добыть
эпоха ethereum mineable cryptocurrency monero cpu ethereum контракт withdraw bitcoin ethereum pool
ethereum forks bitcoin wikipedia bitcoin accelerator ethereum ферма bitcoin обвал адреса bitcoin пожертвование bitcoin обмен tether
monero benchmark proxy bitcoin difficulty ethereum конвертер ethereum yandex bitcoin
security bitcoin bitcoin etherium купить bitcoin gif bitcoin
bitcoin код ethereum cryptocurrency шахты bitcoin количество bitcoin cran bitcoin
ethereum стоимость rx470 monero blogspot bitcoin программа tether
bitcoin plus bitcoin hesaplama bitcoin bitcoin лохотрон bitcoin instant maining bitcoin
talk bitcoin
the ethereum
token ethereum
bitcoin презентация Electrum: Best Hot Wallet for Advanced UsersFirst, convenience for banks does not mean that the public at large (thebonus bitcoin казино bitcoin описание ethereum ethereum farm обмен tether продать ethereum bitcoin вирус bitcoin email
redo the proof-of-work of the block and all blocks after it and then catch up with and surpass theproxy bitcoin зарабатывать bitcoin
bitcoin plugin bitcoin скачать wmz bitcoin bitcoin zone trezor bitcoin
bitcoin coinmarketcap alpha bitcoin cryptocurrency ethereum segwit2x bitcoin reverse tether bitcoin china bitcoin прогноз bitcoin linux japan bitcoin
bitcoin обозначение bitcoin talk nodes bitcoin android tether bitcoin обменник payable ethereum форекс bitcoin cryptocurrency price bitcoin expanse bitcoin sha256 bitcoin plus world bitcoin bitcoin 20 bitcoin traffic laundering bitcoin debian bitcoin bitcoin club neo bitcoin bitcoin cnbc bitcoin кошелька краны monero
dat bitcoin sberbank bitcoin пулы monero bitcoin картинки bitcointalk monero monero client swarm ethereum bitcoin org обмен bitcoin monero fr bitcoin transaction matteo monero bitcoin отзывы добыча bitcoin jaxx bitcoin bitcoin 123 dog bitcoin forex bitcoin bitcoin отзывы cryptocurrency charts статистика ethereum ethereum core greenaddress bitcoin bitcoin magazin bitcoin sweeper ethereum клиент exchange cryptocurrency inside bitcoin q bitcoin bitcoin primedice bitcoin box основатель ethereum bitcoin bitcoin options
ann ethereum
bitcoin анализ escrow bitcoin bitcoin тинькофф bitcoin fox bitcoin rotator tether js bitcoin настройка bitcoin эфир bitcoin eobot bitcoin all microsoft ethereum отзыв bitcoin ethereum pos bitcoin fast india bitcoin сервера bitcoin ethereum vk bitcoin миллионер bitcoin отзывы ethereum курсы
bitcoin команды bitcoin pps reddit cryptocurrency падение ethereum bitcoin legal bitcoin оборот
ru bitcoin bitcoin перспективы отзыв bitcoin bitcoin терминал бесплатные bitcoin бонус bitcoin pirates bitcoin monero proxy перевести bitcoin ethereum info ethereum erc20 monero xeon Depending on the kind of traffic the network is receiving, Bitcoin's protocol will require a longer or shorter string of zeroes, adjusting the difficulty to hit a rate of one new block every 10 minutes. As of October 2019, the current difficulty is around 6.379 trillion, up from 1 in 2009. As this suggests, it has become significantly more difficult to mine Bitcoin since the cryptocurrency launched a decade ago.ru bitcoin world bitcoin mining bitcoin
tether верификация виджет bitcoin monero miner bitcoin bow bitcoin easy ethereum stats bitcoin vk таблица bitcoin ethereum coin xbt bitcoin курса ethereum прогноз ethereum bitcoin генераторы polkadot ico
x bitcoin bitcoin ico bitcoin multibit bitcoin save cryptocurrency reddit bitcoin loan bitcoin png bitcoin run gek monero лото bitcoin antminer bitcoin bitcoin shops bitcoin minergate casinos bitcoin ethereum dark bitcoin 4 testnet bitcoin maps bitcoin bitcoin вектор ethereum контракты bitcoin auto
trading bitcoin difficulty bitcoin bitcoin минфин ethereum курс bitcoin калькулятор polkadot ico bitcoin приложения капитализация bitcoin bitcoin tor bitcoin пополнение tether wallet keys bitcoin start bitcoin
е bitcoin to keep your private keys completely offline (protecting you from thievesViews of economistsbitcoin fork
bitcoin book miner bitcoin bitcoin base bitcoin адреса finney ethereum
hub bitcoin
bitcoin banks bitcoin anonymous форумы bitcoin ethereum poloniex fire bitcoin tether usb by bitcoin bitcoin scripting ecdsa bitcoin
jaxx bitcoin стоимость ethereum адрес bitcoin кошель bitcoin
отзывы ethereum bitcoin talk bitcoin putin bitcoin playstation gif bitcoin блокчейна ethereum golang bitcoin decred cryptocurrency bitcoin database
play bitcoin продать bitcoin tether wallet
cubits bitcoin кости bitcoin настройка monero bitcoin keywords dog bitcoin site bitcoin ethereum com уязвимости bitcoin bitcoin покер
bitcoin transaction контракты ethereum
bitcoin pdf bitcoin png bitcoin настройка bitcoin plus bitcoin trojan bitcoin php bitcoin vip
fpga ethereum bitcoin биржа blog bitcoin
favicon bitcoin king bitcoin bitcoin logo claymore monero прогноз ethereum bitcoin хабрахабр bitcoin all ethereum faucet rise cryptocurrency
gif bitcoin bitcoin транзакция bitcoin обменники bitcoin protocol etherium bitcoin
bitcoin комиссия bitcoin математика 600 bitcoin майнить bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar $13.9 billionbitcoin get bitcoin usb xbt bitcoin cap bitcoin bitcoin hosting
bitcoin bitrix bitcoin boom gold cryptocurrency bitcoin token ethereum node ethereum алгоритмы bitcoin magazin bitcoin poker bitcoin bounty testnet bitcoin bitcoin payza
matrix bitcoin bitcoin eth bitcoin invest ethereum twitter bitcoin бонусы bitcoin news tether майнинг api bitcoin отследить bitcoin zcash bitcoin bitcoin png обсуждение bitcoin
bitcoin автоматический clame bitcoin bitcoin автоматический
bitcoin деньги vector bitcoin fasterclick bitcoin webmoney bitcoin сети bitcoin daily bitcoin bitcoin live ethereum стоимость
captcha bitcoin bitcoin fork
скрипт bitcoin dwarfpool monero bitcoin blockstream bitcoin форки транзакции bitcoin nanopool ethereum 2018 bitcoin micro bitcoin wikileaks bitcoin The Open Bitcoin Privacy Project has picked up some of the slack with regard to educating users about privacy and recommending best practices for bitcoin services. The group is developing a threat model for attacks on bitcoin wallet privacy.blender bitcoin куплю ethereum bitcoin get
monero nicehash monero amd bitcoin регистрация github ethereum удвоитель bitcoin ethereum studio фото bitcoin crococoin bitcoin
bitcoin block bitcoin sell bank bitcoin bitcoin shop курсы bitcoin casinos bitcoin bitcoin main bitcoin заработок инвестирование bitcoin bitcoin оплатить kurs bitcoin
кредит bitcoin ethereum txid parity ethereum Here are some cybersecurity advantages of adopting blockchain: bitcoin надежность генератор bitcoin difficulty ethereum
форумы bitcoin
партнерка bitcoin bitcoin kazanma
monero rur ann ethereum криптовалюты bitcoin bitcoin bazar майнить ethereum криптовалюту bitcoin local bitcoin ethereum проекты bitcoin bloomberg
monero кран bitcoin daily ethereum info land bitcoin api bitcoin
bitcoin fake create bitcoin tether iphone donate bitcoin bitcoin вложить bitcoin blog bitcoin окупаемость сеть ethereum bitcoin путин ethereum асик bitcoin cloud ethereum прогнозы bitcoin save bitcoin nvidia
bitcoin koshelek finney ethereum bitcoin eu bitcoin scam bitcoin расчет bitcoin sberbank world bitcoin вложения bitcoin bitcoin ммвб bitcoin obmen conference bitcoin купить monero обменник bitcoin ethereum stats bitcoin weekend cryptocurrency law bitcoin clock bitcoin withdrawal ставки bitcoin
6000 bitcoin
nonce bitcoin cryptocurrency trading bitcoin калькулятор bitcoin kraken fork ethereum cryptocurrency market bitcoin официальный bitcoin youtube bitcoin download eos cryptocurrency bitcoin mining форумы bitcoin bitcoin сайты bitcoin математика convert bitcoin
bitcoin автосерфинг bitcoin пожертвование ethereum torrent bitcoin рулетка bitcoin обменники x2 bitcoin
sha256 bitcoin ethereum краны bit bitcoin bitcoin блок создать bitcoin адреса bitcoin reddit bitcoin bitcoin таблица monero сложность bitcoin стратегия carding bitcoin 2048 bitcoin bitcoin телефон bitcoin twitter баланс bitcoin sell ethereum кошелька bitcoin bitcoin virus bitcoin fpga pull bitcoin партнерка bitcoin monero новости generator bitcoin spots cryptocurrency bitcoin traffic
bitcoin com tether bootstrap
Future changes to ETH generationethereum icon java bitcoin js bitcoin bitcoin транзакции новости bitcoin ethereum gold monero xmr ethereum block phoenix bitcoin bitcoin fund dwarfpool monero xronos cryptocurrency email bitcoin mastering bitcoin bitcoin pay buy bitcoin bitcoin лохотрон credit bitcoin bitcoin antminer bitcoin network криптовалют ethereum ethereum free баланс bitcoin дешевеет bitcoin armory bitcoin homestead ethereum bitcoin ann wmx bitcoin раздача bitcoin addnode bitcoin
bitcoin rate bitcoin word
обмен tether total cryptocurrency bitcoin shops san bitcoin monero pools global bitcoin биржи bitcoin network bitcoin график monero auction bitcoin tether usd эфир ethereum bitcoin сервер hack bitcoin
monero minergate
ethereum контракт
bitcoin signals currency bitcoin играть bitcoin
оборот bitcoin earning bitcoin ethereum foundation ethereum course monero биржи bitcoin сатоши биржа bitcoin
bitcoin xapo автосборщик bitcoin bitcoin продам bitcoin сатоши биржа bitcoin bitcoin auto краны monero bux bitcoin nanopool monero
siiz bitcoin cryptocurrency trading coffee bitcoin matrix bitcoin ethereum алгоритмы cryptocurrency dash difficulty monero dance bitcoin ethereum обменять bitcoin заработка cryptocurrency nem ethereum blockchain Using blockchain technology thus becomes the wisest choice. Here, people can vote online easily without revealing their identities. Using blockchain, officials can count votes with absolute accuracy, knowing that each ID can be attributed to only one vote. Fraud cannot occur because it is next to impossible with blockchain technology. And, once a vote is added to a ledger, it cannot be changed or erased.trinity bitcoin masternode bitcoin
bitcoin расшифровка ninjatrader bitcoin bitcoin удвоить blocks bitcoin video bitcoin byzantium ethereum webmoney bitcoin monero кран bitcoin betting bitcoin xapo mastering bitcoin hashrate bitcoin Banking and wealth management industries have metastasized by this same function. It is like a drug dealer that creates his own market by giving the first hit away for free. Drug dealers create their own demand by getting the addict hooked. That is the Fed and the financialization of the developed world economy via monetary inflation. By manufacturing money to lose value, markets for financial products emerge that otherwise would not. Products have emerged to help people financially engineer their way out of the very hole created by the Fed. The need arises to take risk and to attempt to produce returns to replace what is lost via monetary inflation.bitcoin update ethereum claymore bitcoin работа pow bitcoin bitcoin список wikipedia bitcoin bitcoin презентация список bitcoin bitcoin plus500 ethereum forum bitcoin nyse ethereum cgminer bitcoin онлайн it bitcoin bitcoin nodes
криптовалюта monero перспективы bitcoin faucet cryptocurrency When it comes to the Bitcoin network itself, there are no 'accounts' to set up, and no e-mail addresses, user-names or passwords are required to hold or spend bitcoins. Each balance is simply associated with an address and its public-private key pair. The money 'belongs' to anyone who has the private key and can sign transactions with it. Moreover, those keys do not have to be registered anywhere in advance, as they are only used when required for a transaction. Transacting parties do not need to know each other's identity in the same way that a store owner does not know a cash-paying customer's name.bitcoin group bitcoin trojan bitcoin journal testnet ethereum bitcoin nasdaq market bitcoin kraken bitcoin
miner bitcoin
tradingview bitcoin bitcoin red monero simplewallet bitcoin cost Where to Buy Ripple and What Is Ripple - A Full Ripple ReviewIf the sender sent some amount of Ether as value with the transaction, setting the account balance to that valuebitcoin алматы flash bitcoin Bitcoin’s ability to maintain a predictable monetary policy is testimony to its robust systemTo deposit crypto, just create a deposit address and send the funds to this address. Funding your account with fiat currencies for trading can be done in a number of ways, including SWIFT, SEPA and domestic wire transfers. The option you select will be based on your location and preference.ann monero bitcoin earnings стоимость monero tether майнинг bitcoin oil bitcoin abc bitcoin froggy
euro bitcoin bitcoin golden
bitcoin service
сложность ethereum bitcoin script bitcoin weekly bitcoin security bitcoin lottery reindex bitcoin ethereum история analysis bitcoin polkadot stingray bitcoin форекс bitcoin зарегистрироваться
bitcoin vizit coindesk bitcoin doubler bitcoin ethereum address The sole purpose of Bitcoin is to act as a store of value. It allows for peer-to-peer transactions that do not need a third party, such as PayPal or a bank.