IS BITCOIN A TRIPLE ENTRY SYSTEM?
On 13/06/11 12:56 PM, James A. Donald wrote:
> On 2011-06-12 8:57 AM, Ian G wrote:
> > I wrote a paper about John Levine's observation of low knowledge, way
> > back in 2000, called "Financial Cryptography in 7 Layers." The sort of
> > unstated thesis of this paper was that in order to understand this area
> > you had to become very multi-discipline, you had to understand up to 7
> > general areas. And that made it very hard, because most of the digital
> > cash startups lacked some of the disciplines.
>
> One of the layers you mention is accounting.
Yes, so back to crypto, or at least financial cryptography.
The accounting layer in a money system implemented in financial cryptography is responsible for reliably holding and reporting the numbers for every transaction and producing an overall balance sheet of an issue.
It is in this that BitCoin may have its greatest impact -- it may have shown the first successful widescale test of triple entry .
Triple entry is a simple idea, albeit revolutionary to accounting. A triple entry transaction is a 3 party one, in which Alice pays Bob and Ivan intermediates. Each holds the transaction, making for triple copies.
To make a transaction, Alice signs over a payment instruction to Bob with her public-key-based signature . Ivan the issuer then packages the payment request into a receipt, and that receipt becomes the transaction.
This transaction is digitally signed by multiple parties, including at least one independent party . It then becomes a powerful evidence of the transaction .
The final receipt *is the entry*. Then, the *collection of signed receipts* becomes the accounts, in accounting terms. Which collection replaces ones system of double entry bookkeeping, because the single digitally signed receipt is a better evidence than the two entries that make up the transaction, and the collection of signed receipts is a better record than the entire chart of accounts .
A slight diversion to classical bookkeeping, as replacing double entry bookkeeping is a revolutionary idea. Double entry has been the bedrock of corporate accounting for around 500 years, since documentation by a Venetian Friar named Luca Pacioli. The reason is important, very important, and may resonate with cryptographers, so let's digress to there.
Double entry achieves the remarkable trick of separating out mishaps from frauds. The problem with single entry (what people do when making lists of numbers and adding them up) is that the person can leave off a number, and no-one is the wiser . We can't show the person as either a bad bookkeeper or as a fraudulent bookkeeper. This achilles heel of primitive accounting meant that the bookkeeping limited the business to the size with which it could maintain honest bookkeepers.
Where, honest bookkeepers equals family members. All others, typically, stole the boss's money. (Family members did too, but at least for the good of the family.) So until the 1400s, most all businesses were either crown-owned, in which case the monarch lopped off the head of any doubtful bookkeeper, *or* were family businesses.
The widespread adoption of double-entry through the Italian trading ports led to the growth of business beyond the limits of family. Double entry therefore was the keystone to the enterprise, it was what created the explosion of trading power of the city states in now-Italy .
Back to triple entry. The digitally signed receipt dominates the two entries of double entry because it is exportable, independently verifiable, and far easier for computers to work with. Double entry requires a single site to verify presence and preserve resiliance, the signed receipt does not.
There is only one area where a signed receipt falls short of complete evidence and that is when a digital piece of evidence can be lost. For this reason, all three of Alice, Bob and Ivan keep hold of a copy. All three combined have the incentive to preserve it; the three will police each other.
Back to BitCoin. BitCoin achieves the issuer part by creating a distributed and published database over clients that conspire to record the transactions reliably. The idea of publishing the repository to make it honest was initially explored in Todd Boyle's netledger design.
We each independently converged on the concept of triple entry. I believe that is because it is the optimal way to make digital value work on the net; even when Nakomoto set such hard requirements as no centralised issuer, he still seems to have ended up at the same point: Alice, Bob and something I'll call Ivan-Borg holding single, replicated copies of the cryptographically sealed transaction.
With that foundation, we can trade.
> Recall that in 2005
> November, it became widely known that toxic assets were toxic.
In 2005, the SEC looked at my triple entry implementation, and....
> From late in 2005 to late in 2007, it was widely known that major
> financial institutions were walking dead, and yet strangely they
> continued to walk, though this took increasingly creative changes of the
> rules.
...indeed, there was a palpable sense at the time that the financial system was out of control. They were looking at this thing with worried eyes.
It's an open question as to whether triple entry in any of its variants (Todd Boyle's, mine or Satoshi's designs) would have changed things for the financial crisis of 2007. I think the answer is; it was way too late to effect it. But, it wouldn't have hurt, and with other things added in , the sum would have changed things, assuming widespread implementation.
But (a) the list of needed innovations is not trivial, and all are opposed by the financial institutions for the obvious reason.
Also, (b) it has to be said that at the bottom of the financial crisis is securitization, which changes everything about finance . And I do mean everything. Without understanding the role that securitization plays, talking about triple entry or toxic assets or ratings agencies or bad behaviour or poor people or whatever is pretty much doomed to irrelevance.
Which is how they like it!
> Today in 2011, there is still no audit that acknowledges that toxic
> assets were and are toxic.
This one winds all the way to ...
> While doubtless a good monetary system should embrace all these aspects
> of knowledge, our existing monetary system does not.
ethereum btc For users of Ethereum, ETH is valuable because it lets you pay transaction fees.ethereum online These days, more people tend to rely more on mining pools as mining independently can lead to over-utilization of a lot of resources which simply does not seem like a worthy investment. Mining pools were invented to share processing power so that miners can find blocks much faster. Pool users earn shares by sharing proof of work and they are rewarded accordingly.siiz bitcoin bitcoin автосборщик mmm bitcoin doge bitcoin epay bitcoin bitcoin poloniex accepts bitcoin проблемы bitcoin cryptocurrency logo mine ethereum
ethereum course
bitcoin hardfork рост bitcoin кошелек bitcoin bitcoin legal сделки bitcoin bitcoin auto ethereum история ethereum контракт
конференция bitcoin bitcoin daily bitcoin advcash bitcoin википедия
ethereum краны monero difficulty bitcoin страна
взломать bitcoin locals bitcoin account bitcoin monero minergate monero биржи bitcoin euro tcc bitcoin currency bitcoin ethereum addresses talk bitcoin bitcoin black location bitcoin расшифровка bitcoin биржа bitcoin пул bitcoin график bitcoin bitcoin вывод free bitcoin bitcoin сша bitcoin play шахты bitcoin decred ethereum bazar bitcoin
tether майнинг
bitcoin word boxbit bitcoin форумы bitcoin акции ethereum пополнить bitcoin homestead ethereum bitcoin crash bitcoin rpg
tether кошелек bitcoin double unconfirmed bitcoin ethereum github шифрование bitcoin bitcoin rpc escrow bitcoin bitcoin виджет genesis bitcoin 3d bitcoin китай bitcoin poloniex monero bitcoin blockstream ethereum api bitcoin ads By JAKE FRANKENFIELDNot everyone who uses blockchain technology is trying to create cryptocurrencies. Some people are trying to build blockchains that are bigger, better, and can do more. The most well-known example of this is Ethereum.What is a Cryptocurrency When it’s Not Really a 'Currency'?пулы monero конвертер ethereum bitcoin location bitcoin сколько bitcoin скачать arbitrage cryptocurrency bittrex bitcoin registration bitcoin bitcoin сервера
mining bitcoin bitcoin boxbit vk bitcoin bitcoin компьютер
production cryptocurrency bitcoin play casper ethereum серфинг bitcoin bitcoin бонусы bonus bitcoin monero coin login bitcoin tether usd ethereum api ethereum fork bitcoin cgminer стоимость ethereum bitcoin blocks bitcoin stellar p2pool ethereum ninjatrader bitcoin short bitcoin bitcoin accelerator bitcoin check ethereum статистика ethereum supernova boxbit bitcoin R%trump2%D developers realize 'Worse is Better'bitcoin drip monero miner avto bitcoin reward bitcoin bitcoin форумы bitcoin расшифровка ethereum block bitcoin converter hashrate ethereum segwit2x bitcoin 600 bitcoin coinbase ethereum bonus bitcoin
monero новости bitcoin roulette ad bitcoin ethereum cpu bitcoin транзакция bitcoin chart карты bitcoin dao ethereum аналоги bitcoin monero форк ethereum homestead collector bitcoin bitcoin mainer atm bitcoin ethereum code
bitcoin банк map bitcoin polkadot блог dwarfpool monero dollar bitcoin bitcoin 2000 bitcoin mainer пример bitcoin wechat bitcoin electrum bitcoin bitcoin goldmine bitcoin информация
робот bitcoin bitcoin майнить заработок ethereum java bitcoin dash cryptocurrency
inside bitcoin bitcoin info ethereum org ethereum bonus bitcoin xpub hacking bitcoin ethereum прогноз bitcoin heist android tether ethereum краны
raiden ethereum
exchange ethereum логотип bitcoin е bitcoin bitcoin коды cgminer ethereum
The bitcoin mining world is now solidly in the Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) era. An ASIC is a chip designed specifically to do one thing and one thing only. Unlike FPGAs, an ASIC cannot be repurposed to perform other tasks.php bitcoin
bitcoin tor вывести bitcoin tether перевод ethereum акции bitcoin bounty ethereum blockchain bitcoin chains bitcoin акции криптовалюту monero bitcoin форум ethereum контракт ethereum complexity 1070 ethereum
bitcoin kran cryptocurrency tech система bitcoin bitcoin address bitcoin вирус bitcoin dollar red bitcoin bitcoin center autobot bitcoin ethereum рубль casinos bitcoin bitcoin акции greenaddress bitcoin protocol bitcoin bitcoin приват24 bitcoin эмиссия алгоритм ethereum bitcoin продам
взлом bitcoin cryptonator ethereum ethereum токены pizza bitcoin scrypt bitcoin bitcoin cli bitcoin автоматически
bitcoin заработок bitcoin 5 monero fee project ethereum neo bitcoin
mining monero satoshi bitcoin bitcoin брокеры monero hardfork ethereum прогнозы bitcoin сбор bitcoin pdf
бесплатный bitcoin bitcoin ira bitcoin сбор bitcoin прогноз bitcoin plus bitcoin usb ethereum валюта будущее ethereum elysium bitcoin green bitcoin bitcoin lottery greenaddress bitcoin консультации bitcoin
майнить bitcoin bitcoin site биржи monero bitcoin com ethereum кошелька bitcoin conf bitcoin 10000
monero пулы bitcoin capitalization 50 bitcoin разработчик ethereum bitcoin exe bitcoin оплатить хайпы bitcoin bitcoin checker bitcoin вконтакте One of the main goals for Litecoin was to reduce block confirmation timings from 10 minutes to 2.5 minutes, so that more transactions could be confirmed. This made Litecoin 4x faster than Bitcoin. Each 2.5 minutes, a Litecoin block is mined, and 25 coins are generated. This means that at the moment, 14,400 Litecoins are being mined every day, the maximum amount possible.bitcoin смесители bitcoin миллионеры bitcoin conveyor 999 bitcoin time bitcoin таблица bitcoin bitcoin gadget monero difficulty
1080 ethereum курса ethereum block ethereum ropsten ethereum bitcoin пул bitcoin daemon заработок bitcoin видеокарты ethereum
alliance bitcoin ethereum calc fields bitcoin fire bitcoin bitcoin magazin bitcoin инвестирование
monero news ethereum claymore bitcoin motherboard bitcoin прогноз A cryptocurrency wallet is a device, physical medium, program or a service which stores the public and/or private keys for cryptocurrency transactions. In addition to this basic function of storing the keys, a cryptocurrency wallet more often also offers the functionality of encrypting and/or signing information. Signing can for example result in executing a smart contract, a cryptocurrency transaction (see 'bitcoin transaction' image), identification or legally signing a 'document' (see 'application form' image).tether купить
2 bitcoin coinmarketcap bitcoin 60 bitcoin бесплатный bitcoin
reddit ethereum платформ ethereum bitcoin вирус проблемы bitcoin accepts bitcoin майн ethereum сложность monero
bitcoin иконка bitcoin strategy bitcoin telegram
weekly bitcoin сервер bitcoin порт bitcoin bitcoin statistic monero ico bitcoin вконтакте autobot bitcoin bitcoin вирус forum ethereum bitcoin s twitter bitcoin ethereum биржа bitcoin история bitcoin регистрация tracker bitcoin программа tether bitcoin покупка bitcoin joker
bitcoin click сбор bitcoin
fun bitcoin bitcoin escrow проект ethereum bitcoin india ethereum investing bitcoin 50 bitcoin безопасность decred ethereum видео bitcoin alien bitcoin bitcoin mixer 50 bitcoin bitcoin xl panda bitcoin bitcoin sha256 jaxx monero donate bitcoin raiden ethereum bitcoin gadget bitcoin обменники token ethereum bitcoin tor bitcoin strategy bitcoin лого ethereum инвестинг bitcoin metatrader bitcoin подтверждение green bitcoin bitcoin обсуждение bitcoin king bitcoin 10 playstation bitcoin genesis bitcoin eobot bitcoin bitcoin cran monero сложность форумы bitcoin bitcoin pdf
bitcoin hosting bitcoin china брокеры bitcoin bitcoin окупаемость Investing in Bitcoinsseed bitcoin майнинг tether bitcoin заработок перевести bitcoin The most popular cryptocurrencies, by market capitalization, are Bitcoin, Ethereum, Bitcoin Cash and Litecoin. Other well-known cryptocurrencies include Tezos, EOS, and ZCash. Some are similar to Bitcoin. Others are based on different technologies, or have new features that allow them to do more than transfer value.okpay bitcoin bitcoin blue bitcoin addnode
bitcoin atm магазины bitcoin ethereum news reverse tether bitcoin суть abi ethereum bitcoin вклады dark bitcoin bitcoin airbit ethereum node
ethereum прогноз bitcoin nvidia автомат bitcoin daemon monero alpari bitcoin bitcoin vk ethereum russia работа bitcoin
bitcoin qiwi lavkalavka bitcoin search bitcoin ethereum stats monero купить bitcoin dark system bitcoin How does it work?tether provisioning игра ethereum магазин bitcoin бесплатные bitcoin
blockchain ethereum и bitcoin bitcoin ключи tether майнинг bitcoin биржа bitcoin win
generator bitcoin epay bitcoin hacking bitcoin app bitcoin 2016 bitcoin bitcoin statistics ethereum кошельки bitcoin linux bitcoin location bitcoin onecoin bitcoin 5 bitcoin графики
multiplier bitcoin bonus ethereum cryptocurrency nem bitcoin changer ферма ethereum payable ethereum kran bitcoin converter bitcoin бесплатно bitcoin зарабатываем bitcoin elysium bitcoin asus bitcoin
moon bitcoin ethereum pool bitcoin explorer trust bitcoin прогноз ethereum wiki bitcoin отзывы ethereum bitcoin payment bitcoin обналичить putin bitcoin monero hardware bitcoin flapper india bitcoin bitcoin testnet bitcoin crypto bitcoin rt That its shapes are repeating 'fractals.'bitcoin download otc bitcoin china cryptocurrency ethereum cpu bitcoin кредиты шахты bitcoin bitcoin пулы bitcoin agario
tether wallet bitcoin map bitcoin youtube bitcoin grafik bitcoin block ethereum geth взлом bitcoin
matrix bitcoin bitcoin оплатить
технология bitcoin
вебмани bitcoin bitcoin block bitcoin maps краны monero майнинга bitcoin bitcoin заработок
ethereum wikipedia bitcoin надежность bitcoin cards капитализация bitcoin эпоха ethereum bitcoin de usa bitcoin cryptocurrency top testnet bitcoin monero прогноз bitcoin bitrix bitcoin hacking amazon bitcoin
bitcoin бесплатные bitcoin картинка верификация tether vector bitcoin tether android bitcoin игры bitcoin ваучер bitcoin apk продать ethereum bitcoin автоматически bitcoin основатель проекта ethereum konvertor bitcoin bitcoin redex asics bitcoin
bitcoin seed local bitcoin js bitcoin micro bitcoin wechat bitcoin bitcoin gift spin bitcoin rx560 monero вывод bitcoin bitcoin mempool bitcoin spinner 4 bitcoin ethereum online bitcoin accelerator bitcoin покупка goldmine bitcoin bitcoin вектор tether кошелек bitcoin calculator foto bitcoin ledger bitcoin monero gui arbitrage bitcoin bitcoin pizza алгоритмы ethereum bitcoin windows mt5 bitcoin purse bitcoin txid bitcoin elena bitcoin bitcoin краны bitcoin conference monero proxy bitcoin bubble проект bitcoin ethereum ротаторы bitcoin change bitcoin motherboard bitcoin usd bitcoin history mail bitcoin bitcoin instant ethereum сбербанк кошельки bitcoin блок bitcoin
4 bitcoin bitcoin монет bitcoin лайткоин отследить bitcoin reviewed byзаработать ethereum bitcoin bcc 99 bitcoin фарминг bitcoin bitcoin казино
ethereum stratum tails bitcoin
sgminer monero monero hashrate cryptocurrency charts go bitcoin
cryptocurrency arbitrage использование bitcoin вывод ethereum ethereum block программа tether статистика ethereum
datadir bitcoin bitcoin комиссия hit bitcoin bitcoin explorer panda bitcoin bitcoin государство bitcoin facebook british bitcoin работа bitcoin According to Ethereum’s design rationale explanations, benefits of the account model are large space-saving (transactions require a single signature and produce one output), greater fungibility (harder to blacklist funds), simplicity (easier to build DApps), and constant light client reference (light clients can read information from the state tree in any specific direction). Despite these advantages, the account model may facilitate double spendings and replay attacks.bitcoin виджет super bitcoin
monero nvidia ethereum foundation bitcoin example chain bitcoin аналитика ethereum скрипт bitcoin bitcoin golden bitcoin blog okpay bitcoin moto bitcoin bitcoin 10000 monero ann bounty bitcoin bitcoin рубль monero новости amazon bitcoin bitcoin telegram bitcoin обменник plus bitcoin wisdom bitcoin uk bitcoin conference bitcoin bitcoin grafik bitcoin япония 1070 ethereum bitcoin zona bitcoin 999 ethereum online bitcoin solo multi bitcoin
ethereum claymore js bitcoin bitcoin calc bitcoin блок hourly bitcoin armory bitcoin nova bitcoin fpga ethereum investment bitcoin monero usd майнить bitcoin bitcoin получение bitcoin форекс bitcoin hunter tether io
up bitcoin
bitcoin freebitcoin lucky bitcoin криптовалюта monero dance bitcoin
bio bitcoin bitcoin python проекта ethereum
bitcoin motherboard bitcoin доходность bitcoin telegram flash bitcoin bitcoin bow bitcoin login ethereum russia polkadot su bitcoin crypto india bitcoin андроид bitcoin bitcoin видеокарты ethereum solidity polkadot su trinity bitcoin bitcoin crypto mist ethereum майнер bitcoin bitcoin россия algorithm ethereum сложность ethereum
bitcoin rus hourly bitcoin polkadot stingray bitcoin ixbt bitcoin drip bitcoin программа bitcoin scam криптокошельки ethereum monero краны bitcoin оборудование кошельки bitcoin sportsbook bitcoin dollar bitcoin wechat bitcoin monero minergate bitcoin purse bitcoin api bitcoin робот bitcoin x ann monero bitcoin проблемы bitcoin com buying bitcoin monero алгоритм coinmarketcap bitcoin bitcoin сегодня ethereum investing
bitcoin information putin bitcoin direct bitcoin tether обзор Sign Inbitcoin prominer фонд ethereum bitcoin update ethereum валюта ethereum swarm bitcoin genesis mt5 bitcoin mt5 bitcoin bitcoin официальный blacktrail bitcoin bitcoin это putin bitcoin reverse tether bitcoin zona wallpaper bitcoin bitcoin habr bitcoin bcc bitcoin таблица майнинг monero кран bitcoin bitcoin теханализ платформе ethereum ethereum проблемы plasma ethereum litecoin bitcoin ethereum ubuntu According to some sources, bitcoin is increasingly being used for money laundering. But blockchain analytics startups and crypto tracing firms are rolling out new tools to help exchanges comply with anti-money laundering standards. And anyway, bitcoin is not, as is commonly believed, a good vehicle for money laundering, extorsion or terrorism financing, since it is both traceable and transparent – as a spate of recent arrests can attest.How Cryptocoin Mining Workstether tether provisioning пузырь bitcoin bitcoin fund roboforex bitcoin bitcoin conf
bitcoin node my ethereum bitcoin keys bitcoin аккаунт bitcoin darkcoin box bitcoin sberbank bitcoin bitcoin xapo
bitcoin gift биржи ethereum bitcoin statistics token ethereum ethereum регистрация credit bitcoin trezor bitcoin bitcoin php bitcoin calculator ethereum курс bitcoin lottery ethereum stats вход bitcoin прогнозы ethereum bitcoin расчет monero обменник bitcoin stellar
bitcoin etf ethereum 2017 кошель bitcoin bitcoin экспресс вход bitcoin gps tether bitcoin mmgp tether обзор ethereum биткоин куплю ethereum
bitcoin реклама bitcoin приват24 apple bitcoin usa bitcoin теханализ bitcoin bitcoin 999 эфир bitcoin bitcoin мастернода qtminer ethereum nvidia bitcoin hardware bitcoin bitcoin rbc
шахты bitcoin
captcha bitcoin курсы bitcoin bitcoin asics collector bitcoin konverter bitcoin вклады bitcoin платформа bitcoin monero cpuminer ютуб bitcoin bitcoin сервисы bitcoin удвоитель bitcoin scripting bitcoin переводчик покупка ethereum
пожертвование bitcoin monero faucet
bitcoin книга пулы bitcoin bitcoin форки app bitcoin bitcoin сбор
okpay bitcoin bitcoin trader telegram bitcoin bitcoin cz ethereum регистрация
bitcoin продам играть bitcoin donate bitcoin bitcoin генераторы games bitcoin trade cryptocurrency bitcoin investing yota tether ethereum studio серфинг bitcoin bitcoin school bitcoin sha256 bitcoin utopia
ethereum chart bitcoin jp
daily bitcoin
tether транскрипция ethereum miners tether wifi bitcoin проверка bitcoin 999 bitcoin комбайн заработать monero cryptocurrency calendar bitcoin шахты
bitcoin formula nicehash monero ccminer monero bitcoin linux monero ico bitcoin проблемы tether plugin adc bitcoin tether верификация world bitcoin cubits bitcoin автомат bitcoin bitcoin airbit bitcoin tor история ethereum
bitcoin знак bitcoin reklama grayscale bitcoin обменники ethereum golden bitcoin transaction bitcoin
bitcoin москва
weather bitcoin bitcoin обменник sec bitcoin master bitcoin сложность monero escrow bitcoin 'The container carries lots of boxes' = The Block Carries Lots of Transactionsandroid tether криптовалюту monero bitcoin компания bitcoin pdf
bitcoin mac
bitcoin comprar
bitcoin vizit bitcoin видеокарты bitcoin it doubler bitcoin cryptocurrency tech bitcoin bcc ethereum алгоритм bitcoin mail bitcoin mercado daily bitcoin network bitcoin bitcoin технология
bitcoin landing bitcoin оплата стоимость bitcoin майнер ethereum bitcoin center калькулятор ethereum bitcoin collector bitcoin значок token bitcoin bitcoin минфин капитализация bitcoin покупка bitcoin
обменник tether The supply scheme of crypto-assets is hotly debated among various parties (especially those in the Bitcoin community) and there are currently two main approaches: a capped supply (like Bitcoin) or a low, predictable and hard to change issuance rate (like what is planned for Ethereum 2.0).satoshi bitcoin bitcoin london konvertor bitcoin multiplier bitcoin reddit bitcoin view bitcoin flappy bitcoin fasterclick bitcoin терминал bitcoin bitcoin forbes bitcoin okpay bitcoin wikileaks project ethereum byzantium ethereum bitcoin easy bitcoin аккаунт supernova ethereum mercado bitcoin search bitcoin A common misconception of Bitcoin is that it is just one of thousands of cryptoassets in the world today. One may be forgiven for this misunderstanding, as our world today is home to many national currencies. But all these currencies began as warehouse receipts for the same type of thing—namely, monetary metal (usually gold). Today, national currencies are not redeemable for gold, and are instead liquid equity units in a pyramid scheme called fiat currency: a hierarchy of thievery built on top of the freely selected money of the world (gold) which their issuers (central banks) hoard to manipulate its price, insulate their inferior fiat currencies from competitive threats, and perpetually extract wealth from those lower down the pyramid.bitcoin ledger фермы bitcoin
matrix bitcoin forecast bitcoin bitcoin reddit mail bitcoin
краны monero monster bitcoin bitcoin алматы bitcoin мониторинг ethereum видеокарты monster bitcoin boom bitcoin обмен tether json bitcoin tether clockworkmod википедия ethereum goldmine bitcoin продать monero bitcoin сайты ann monero bitcoin market microsoft bitcoin steam bitcoin приват24 bitcoin bitfenix bitcoin 4pda bitcoin ethereum shares
